घरको क्षतीको सजिलै आँकलन गर्ने तरीका
(Scroll down for English Version)सबैभन्दा सुरुमा घरको जगको जाँच गर्नु निकै आवश्यक छ । बारम्बार आईरहने धक्काले जमिनलाई कमजोर बनाउछ र बर्षाले झनै गाह्रो बनाएर घरलाई थप क्षती पुर्याइ घरै भत्काउन पनि सक्छ ।
घर सुरक्षित छ कि छैन जान्न सुरुमा तलका प्रश्नहरू ध्यान दिएर पढ्नु होस् :
- घरमुनी वा छेउछाउको जमिन चर्किएको, भासिएको वा सरेको छ कि छैन ?
- भित्ता र पर्खालको छेउछाउको जमिन चर्किएको, भासिएको, उठेको वा सरेको छ कि छैन ?
- यदि घर पहाडको फेदीमा वा छेउछाउमा छ भने पहिरो जाने र ठुला चट्टानहरू खस्ने सम्भावना छ कि छैन ?
यदि यी प्रश्नहरू को जवाफ "छ" हो भने, धक्काहरू नरोकिकन घरभित्र पस्न सुरक्षित हुँदैन ।
घरको बाहिरी जाँच :
घरले कस्तो किसिमको धक्का खाएको छ र कत्तिको सम्बेदन्शील छ थाहा पाउन यो जाँच अति नै आवश्यक छ । घरको सही जाँच गर्न सबै कुनाबाट हरेक भित्ता, जग, पिल्लर, साथै झ्याल, ढोका र प्लास्टर, आदिको निरिक्षण गर्नु पर्छ ।- भित्ताको लेबल जाँच गर्नाले भित्तालाई पिल्लरले थामेको छ कि छैन थाहा पाउन सकिन्छ ।
- फाउन्डेसन् (जग) भासिएको वा सरेको छैन भने घर पल्टिने सम्भावना कम हुन जान्छ ।
- जमिन र जमिनमुनी रहेको पर्खालको बीचमा चर्किएको हुनु हुँदैन । यदी चर्काइ गहिरो छ वा ताजा छ भने सानो धक्काले समेत घर ढल्ने सम्भावना बढ्न सक्छ ।
- पुरै घर वा कुनै भित्ताहरु बाङिएका छन कि छैनन ?
- भित्ताहरूको टुप्पो र फेद एउटै रेखामा छन कि छैनन ?
- घरको बाहिरी प्लास्टरलाई क्षती भएको छ कि छैन ?
- झ्याल, ढोकाहरू फुटेको वा जाम भएको स्थिती छ कि छैन ?
- यदि झ्याल, ढोकाहरू फुटेको वा जाम भएको र प्लास्टर फुटेको स्थिती छ भने भित्री जग, बीम र पिल्लरमा पनि समस्या हुनसक्छ जसले घर भत्किने सम्भावना बढ्न जान्छ ।
घरको भित्री जाँच :
- घरको हरेक तल्ला, कोठा, भित्ता, भुइँ, बीम, र पिल्लरको जाँच गर्नु आवश्यक छ ।- पानी, बत्ती, ग्याँस आदिको लाइनको जाँच गरी तिनिहरूलाई बन्द गरेर मात्रा घर मा पस्नु होला । घरमा छिर्नासाथ मैन्बत्ती नबाल्नु होला । ग्याँस र बिजुलिको मेन लाइन लाई नचाहिएको बेलामा बन्द राख्नु होला ।
- भित्ता, पिल्लर, बीम आदिमा ३ मिलिमिटर भन्दा गहिरो वा ४५ डिग्रीको चर्काइ छ भने , घरको भित्री सम्रचनामा खराबी हुनसक्छ । बिशेष ध्यान पुर्याउनु पर्ने हुन्छ ।
- बीमभित्रको फलाम देखिने गरी बीम फुटेको छ भने पनि बिशेष ध्यान पुर्याउनु होला ।
- भुइँमा गहिरो चर्काइ छ भने भारी सामान, फर्निचर आदिलाई नचर्केको स्थानमा, कुनामा लगेर राख्नु होला ।
- भित्ता र सिलिङ्मा सिमेन्ट फुलेर उठेको जस्तो देखियो भने, एउटा सिधा लठ्ठिले ठाडो रेखा सिधा छ कि छैन नाप्नु होला ।
- सिसाका सामाग्री, हतियार, केमिकल आदिलाई खुला कन्टेनरमा नराख्नु होला ।
अरू धक्काहरूकालागि तयार रहनु :
- धक्का आउँदा सुरक्षित रहन सक्ने स्थान तय गर्नु होला (खुला ठाउँमा, टेबलमुनी, आदि)- "अत्यावश्यक सामाग्रीहरूको सुची" मा रहेको सामानहरूलाई सजिलै बोकेर निक्लन सकिने स्थानमा सुरक्षित राख्नु होला : (पानी, खाना, टर्च लाइट, रेडियो, ब्याटेरी, मेडिकल सामग्री, आवश्यक शारीरिक सरसफाइका सामग्री, मोबाइल फोन र चार्जर, नगद)
Quick Structural Assessment of Buildings
These questions are targeted to check if the foundation can still be trusted. This is a very important check after a big earthquake and numerous aftershocks, as ground movement is often a sign of liquefaction of soil (failure of soil) under foundation to take the load of building, which may to complete collapse or overturning of building. This is especially important during/after rainfall.- Is there is a sign of ground slope movement or cracking or fissures?
- Is there bulged ground and vertical ground movements around the walls?
- If your home is at/near the foot of hill, is the upward slope stable and not likely to fail (including rock falls during the quake)?
EXTERNAL CHECKS OF THE BUILDING
These questions are to make sure if the building has gone through a severe damage and is structurally stable. Access the building from all sides to check damages to structural system (such as walls and foundations) and also non-structural finishes (such as plasters, doors, windows)
- Checking if the walls are flat (level) is a robust indicator of whether the wall is supported by beams or not.
- Checking if foundations have moved helps analyze if the building is vulnerable to overturning or not.
- Is there a gap between the building curb (i.e, the lower wall of building that is normally beneath the ground) and ground? If so, are there visible fresh cracks in the exposed part?Large gap suggests that the foundation has moved and building is more vulnerable to overturning. Fresh cracks in the foundation wall is a sign that the building is more vulnerable to collapse during aftershock.
- Has the building or some walls tilted?
- Is there a vertical movement of the wall (i.e., the top of wall is not in line, or level, with the bottom of wall)?
- Are there large cracks in the walls that are visible from both inside and outside? If the building and/or walls are tilted, it indicates large structural damage and larger vulnerability.
- Is there an extensive damage to plastering?
- Are there broken window glasses and jamming of door?
- Have the windows and doors buckled? If there is damage to plaster and windows and doors, make sure to rec²heck all the structural components like columns, beams, and foundation more carefully, as large non-structural damages are likely to have been caused by structural damages.
INSIDE THE BUILDING
Check every storey, room, wall, floor, beams and columns.
- Is there a leak of electricity, gas, and water? Don’t turn on the lights or light a candle immediately after entering. If there is a leak or if there is no need to use, gas and electricity can be turned off as a precaution.
- Are there cracks (> 3mm) in the walls?
- Are there cracks (> 3mm) located near the beams and columns? If there are large cracks, it likely that walls are not attached firmly, and may break-apart soon (especially with small aftershocks). Cracks at the joint of a wall and columns/beams causes larger vulnerability of wall collapse. Smaller cracks do not usually cause structural damage, and are less dangerous.
- Are there cracks in beams and columns? Large cracks (> 3mm), especially across the beam/column at an angle of around 45 degrees, suggest that the structure has failed, and is only supported by steel. Concrete columns and beams with hairline (small width) cracks are generally not considered as dangerous unless widespread.
- Is there exposure of steel and/or spalling (breaking into small pieces) of concrete beams and columns? These are indicative of severe structural damage.
- Are there long cracks in the floor? Cracks in floors indicate potential weakness to support the load. Heavier furnitures should be moved closer to safe walls (without cracks and damages) and corners, which usually have larger capacity to support loads.
- Are there walls and ceilings where plastering has come out?
- In areas where plastering has come out, is the wall/ceiling bulging? To check if a surface is flat, simple way is using a wood stick ‘listi'. If the wall has bulged, stay away from that wall.
- Are there damages to non-structural elements such as ceilings hangings, partitions, light fixture, rooftop tanks, solar fixtures, and other elements? If yes, move them to a safer area or avoid going near them.
- Are heavy furnitures furnitures stable? If the furnitures are not stable, its safer to clamp them down (hold them at place) by using smaller furnitures, removing heavy items from cupboards to make them less dangerous. Knives and other sharp objects, hazardous chemicals, etc. should not be in open area or containers.
PLAN FOR THE NEXT AFTERSHOCK
- Preparing/identifying area (a strong table in open-ish area) to duck under, cover, or hold in case of aftershocks.
- Also, an emergency kit with water, medicine, bandages, and some quick calorie energy bars (like chocolate).
- Prepare torch lights, portable radio, mask against dust, towel, small tent (if possible), small tools such as digging tools and hammer, a thick rope (to escape from collapsing building if trapped).
- Make sure to charge the cell phones, and keep them with you so that you don’t need long time to get out of the building, if necessary
Source: Q&A via Google Docs
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